Cheetah | the fastest cat

Cheetah | the fastest cat : scientifically known as Acinonyx jubatus is a large cat native to Africa and also the fastest land animal. It is estimated to be capable of running at 80 to 128 kilometers per hour (50 to 80 mph). It also has the fastest reliably recorded speeds being 93 and 98 kilometers per hour (58 and 61 mph). These animals generally live in three main social groups; females and their cubs, male “coalitions” and solitary males. While females lead a nomadic life searching for prey in large home ranges, males are more sedentary. They may instead establish much smaller territories in areas with plentiful prey and access to females. However, these big cats are active mainly during the day, with peaks during dawn and dusk.

Physical characteristics
Size

Adult cheetah males are typically larger than females. The body length of cheetah ranges from 112 to 150 cm (3.93-4.92 ft). The tail lengths are between 60 to 80 cm (2-2.62 ft) while the height at the shoulder ranges from 67 to 94 cm (2.2-3.1 ft). Their weights average from 21 to 72 kilograms (46-158 lb.), with the average male larger than the average female.

Eyes

Cheetahs have small, thin-boned skull with a relatively flat face and reduced muzzle size. In fact, these adaptations allow their large eyes to be positioned for maximum binocular vision. There is also a high concentration of nerve cells leading to the optic nerve. This generally allows them to detect prey in open habitats that move against the horizon. A nictitating membrane further shields and protects the eyes during fast sprints.

Paws

The cheetahs have paws that are narrower than other larger felids, resembling the paws of dogs rather than cats. They also have claws that are blunt, slightly curved and only semi retractable. The claws are like running spikes, used to increase traction while pursuing prey. 

Tail

The tail of the cheetah can measure 66 to 84 cm (26-33 in), which is about two-thirds of its body length. During fast sprints, a cheetah’s paws have minimal contact with the ground. At such times, a cheetah’s tail stretches out and acts as a counter balance during sharp turns. The flattened tip of the tail also acts like a rudder to guide directions.

Head

These animals have relatively small heads, small ears and high set of eyes. Rapid acceleration generally requires a cheetah to have highly oxygen intake adaptations including enlarged nostrils and extensive air-filled sinuses. While running, a cheetah’s repertory system allows it to go from a normal rate of 60 breaths per minute to 150 breaths per minute. Furthermore, less developed whiskers around the face suggest that cheetahs are not as active hunting at night compared to other felids.

Dentition

They have weak jaws and smaller canine teeth compared to other large cats. However, this leaves them vulnerable when it comes to defending captured prey from other larger predators.

Habitat

Cheetahs appear to be less selective in terms of habitat choice than other felids and inhabit a variety of ecosystem. These include; areas with greater availability of prey, good visibility and minimal chances of encountering larger predators are preferred. They seldom occur in tropical forests and have been reported at elevations as high as 4,000m (13‚000 ft). An open area with some cover such as diffused bushes; is probably ideal for them. This is because it needs to stalk and pursue its prey over a distance. Unlike other big cats, the cheetah tends to occur in low densities typically between 0.3 and 3.0 adults per 100 square kilometers.

Built for speed

It is generally the world’s fastest land animal and Africa’s most endangered big cat. Uniquely adapted for speed, the cheetah is capable of reaching speeds greater than 110 kilometers per hour in just over 3 seconds. The cheetah’s unique body structure; semi-retractable claws, flexible spine, long legs and tail allows it to achieve the unbelievable top speed of 100 kilometers per hour (70 mph). In fact, its body is narrow and lightweight with long slender limbs. Furthermore, specialized muscles allow for a greater swing to the limbs increasing acceleration. Cheetah’s foot pads are hard and less rounded than other cats. In general, they function like tire treads providing them with increased traction in fast, sharp turns. The shorter blunt claws, which are considered semi-retractable, are closer to that of a dog than of other cats. 

Flexible and fast

The cheetah’s long muscular tail works like a rudder, stabilizing and acting as a counter balance to its body weight. Swinging the tail back and forth continually adjusting to the movement of prey allows for sudden sharp turns during high-speed chases. Their shoulder blade does not attach to the collar bone thus allowing the shoulders to move freely. The hip and the shoulder extension allows for a large range of extension during running thus making both its exceptional stride length. The length between their steps is 6 to 7 meters (21 ft) and four strides are completed per second. There are two times in one stride when the cheetah’s body is completely off the ground. Once when all four legs are extended and once when all four legs are bunched under the body.

Behaviors

They are solitary animals and males have been seen living in coalitions. They generally appear extremely tolerant of close proximity to other males. The related members of the coalition will even take part in play and physical contact such as grooming. On the other hand, the unrelated males will generally stick to themselves while remaining in the coalition. Like all females, there are some males who stick to themselves who do not belong to the coalition. In addition, they never stay in one place for long and are referred to as nomads. At times, a male will company a female for a short while after mating, but most often the female is alone with the cubs. Mothers basically spend a long time teaching their young ones how to hunt. 

Diet

These cats mostly prey on small antelopes like the Thomson’s gazelles as well as impalas but also hunt small mammals and birds. It gets close to the prey as possible then in a burst of speed, it tries to outrun its quarry. Once the cat closes in, it knocks the prey to the ground with its paw and suffocates the animal with a bite to the neck. Afterwards, it eats quickly and keeps an eye out for scavengers. Unfortunately, the cheetah’s speed can’t be maintained for more than a few hundred meters before the individual overheats and that’s why the majority of hunts always result in failure.

Mating

Female cheetahs lead solitary lives unless accompanied by their cubs. Unlike males that prefer to live in a set territory with their coalition, females move within home ranges. However, the home ranges for the female cheetahs depend on the distribution of prey. Estrus in female cheetahs is not predictable and this is one of the reasons why it is difficult to bread cheetahs in captivity. Mating receptivity depends on environmental factors that researchers have found are triggered by the proximity of males and their scent markings. Estrus lasts up to 14 days and females will mate with multiple males during this period. Male cheetahs that encounter a female in estrus will stay with her and mate up to three days. When it comes to mating, there are no dominant males within the coalition that claim exclusive access to females so, all males within a coalition will mate.

Hunting

Unlike other big cats, cheetahs are diurnal; they hunt in early morning and late afternoon.  In addition, they climb termite mounds to get an optimal vantage point for spotting prey against the horizon. The hunt has got several components; prey detection, the chase, stalking, tripping and killing by means of a suffocation bite to the throat.

Reproduction and development

Sexual maturity occurs at 18 to 23 months and the gestation period is about 3 months and the average litter size is 6 cubs. While there is no definitive breeding season, a majority of births occur during the wet season. Births occurring during this time of the year coincide with the gazelle birth season, increasing food resources for the cheetah. Cubs are smoky-grey in color with long hair also known as a mantle, running along their backs. Cub mortality is high in both the wild and captivity and on average 30 percent of all cubs born in human care die within one month of birth. On the other hand, in Serengeti National Park (Tanzania), about 90 percent die before reaching three months of age. At six weeks, the young are strong enough to follow the hunt and when they are about six months older, the mother will capture live prey for them to practice killing.

Vocalizations

Unlike other big cats, cheetahs don’t roar but they growl when facing danger and they vocalize with sounds. Equivalent to a high-pitched chirp or bubble and they bark when communicating with each other. However, they can also purr while both inhaling and exhaling.

Facts about Cheetahs
Tear Marks

Cheetahs have built-in sun glare protection around their eyes. In addition, the tear marks run from the inside corners of their eyes down to the outside edges of their mouth. In fact, these marks help reflect the glare of the sun when they are hunting during the day. These marks also work like the sights on a rifle to help the cheetah aim and stay focused on their prey when they are hunting.

Tail like a rudder

The cheetah has a long muscular tail that has a flat shape which almost functions like a rudder on a boat. This is because they use it to help control their steering and keep their balance when running very fast.

Spotted skin

Their fur is covered in solid black spots, and so is their skin. The black fur actually grows out of the black spots on their skin.

Cleat feet

It has got semi non-retractable claws like the dog claws that gives it a lot of traction when running. The pads of most cat paws are soft but the cheetah’s pads are hard kind like rubber on a tire. This also helps them grip the ground when they are running so fast.

Funny haircut

Cheetah cubs have long tall hair that runs from their neck all the way down to the base of their tail known as the mantle. The mantle also makes a cheetah cub look like a honey badger and makes them blend into the tall grass. This helps keep them safe from threats like hyenas and lions.

Feeding

Cheetahs are carnivores and feed mostly on smaller antelopes like steenbok, springbok, Thomson’s gazelle, impalas, duikers etc. They usually chase down their prey and then bite its throat, killing it by cutting off its air supply or call it suffocation.

Where are cheetahs found?

These animals are confined mostly to dry open grasslands of Sub-Saharan Africa. However, in Uganda, you can find them in Kidepo valley national park and Pian Upe wildlife reserve while on your safari.

Uganda’s Bahai Temple

Uganda’s Bahai Temple : has unique architectural design that stands tall in the middle of the green conical dome shape made of tiny glazed mosaic tiles. Additionally, it has 9 big pillars and 27 small pillars that support the temple stand up right. The temple was constructed between years 1956 and 1961 and its located on kikaaya hill 4 miles from Kampala on Gayaza road. The Bahai faith was introduced by a man from Iran called Baha’u’llah in 1844. His name means “The glory of God” and he also wrote the Bahai faith.

The temple is a house of worship also known as Mashriq I’-Adhkar, and open to all people in the world acting as a spiritual gathering  place. As a matter of fact, there is only one Bahai temple in each continent and Uganda has the mother temple in Africa. Besides, this faith was introduced to Uganda in 1951 making it one of Eastern Africa’s earliest Bahai communities. In fact, the temple is one of the unmissable tourism sites while on your city tour. Otherwise, the temple has an evergreen compound with nice gardens where one can have a good view of the city while on a high point.

Rules that govern the temple and faith

Like any other religion, Bahai as a faith and temple has different rules and regulations that are supposed to be followed. These are to be followed while inside and outside the temple not forgetting during prayers. Below are some of the rules;

Family and marriage life

Marriage is not prohibited in the Bahai faith though it’s not obligatory according to the teachings of this faith. However, the marriage of the Bahai faith has requirements and these include partners having the approval of their living biological parents. In addition, they should be above the age of 15 years so as to strengthen ties between the two families. Besides, a man and woman who are married are the only ones allowed to have sexual relationships. Note that, sexuality is normal in the marriage life since it enhances the relationship. Interracial and interreligious marriages are allowed, divorce is permitted though discouraged. However, if the couple is unable to reconcile after a year of separation then divorce is granted.

Prayers

Bahai faith has two distinct types of prayers and these include devotional prayer (general) and the obligatory prayer (individual). However, for this prayer you’re supposed to face the Qiblih and it should be recited every day. Prayer is part of the most important act in the Bahai law because it helps in self-discipline and enjoined to pray daily. Furthermore, the Bahai faith prayer is believed to get you closer to God and to Baha‘u’llah, requesting for divine assistance. However, the devotional prayer in the Bahai directs believers to meditate and study sacred scriptures. The devotional prayer is written by the central figures of the Bahai faith and collected in prayer books which are held in high esteem.

Alcohol and drugs

Apart from the doctor’s orders, taking of drugs and drinking alcohol are prohibited in the Bahai faith. God gave human beings reasons which are taken away by intoxicants leading to mind astray.  However, smoking of tobacco is discouraged but not prohibited.

Fasting

The fasting period in the Bahai faith generally takes place from March 2nd to 20th March and this fast is a nineteen days period. Above all, one has to be in good health ranging from the age of 15 to 70 years. Additionally, it’s a sunrise to sunset fast without eating and drinking. This fasting works hand in hand with the obligatory prayer since it helps in bringing people closer to God and reinvigorate the soul. However, people who are nursing, menstruating, ill, pregnant, travelling, and engaged in heavy labor are the only ones excused. The fasting is not forced by the Bahai law since it’s an individual spiritual obligation.

Gossiping

Relationships and individuals are damaged by this practice and it also has a negative effect on the community as well as people involved. Therefore, it is considered a sin and hated human characteristic and it’s prohibited by the Bahai law.

Other laws talked about in the holy book 
  • Consumption of dead animals is not allowed.
  • Saying the greatest name (Baha’u’llah) 95 times a day.
  • Teaching children the Bahai faith is compulsory for the Bahais.
  • After death bodies should be wrapped in cotton and put in a coffin made of polished stone with hard wood. Otherwise, it’s forbidden after death to carry the body for more than an hour’s journey from the municipal boundaries where death occurred.
What can one do while at Bahai temple?

Different interesting activities can be done while Bahai Temple and some of these include;

Spiritual gatherings

During this activity individuals in groups gather to share prayers to help them strengthen the unity in the Bahai faith. They hereby share their stories and play music for different individual’s interests. However, these gatherings are mainly for uniting souls present through the power of prayer from different individuals.

Bird watching

With the different tree species and flowers, this temple harbors different bird species. Some of these include; the great blue turaco, stripped kingfisher, hadada ibis, grey parrot. Grey woodpecker, bronze sunbird, brown parrot not mention but a few. Therefore, making it one of the best destinations for the bird lovers since you can’t fail to spot any of those different birds.

Camping

Junior youths believing in the Bahai faith at the age of 11 to 14 years basically go for camping at the temple. While here, they get involved in youth classes to develop their spiritual intellectual capacities. In addition, they are taught to express their powers through drama, art and craft, singing, making of moral decision, etc.

Location of Bahai Temple?

This temple is located on Kikaaya hill in Kanyanya 3km north of Kampala approximately 7km on Gayaza road.

How to get to Bahai Temple

The Baha’i temple of Africa is situated in north Kampala about 3 miles along Gayaza road in central Uganda. The place can be accessed by road transport from Entebbe International Airport and its about 46.5  kilometers via Entebbe express high way. In other wards, it takes about an hour or even less to arrive at Baha’i temple.

An African Grey Parrot | Bird facts

An African Grey Parrot | Bird facts : is generally is an old world parrot in the family Psittacidae and a native to Central and West Africa. The specie is also a native to African countries such as Uganda, Ghana, Kenya, Somalia, Nigeria Liberia Tanzania, etc.  Besides, this bird’s ability to talk and mimic sounds and phrases makes this medium-sized parrot a captivating companion. It can also understand human speech and a well-trained one can learn hundreds of words, phrases and sounds. Therefore, this has helped to catapult this species to stardom in research circles and the pet trade.

Physical description

As its name suggests, the African grey parrot is a mottled grey colored bird. At first glance, the species is a medium-sized, dusty-looking grey bird almost pigeon-like. In addition, the species has various shades of grey with very distinctive red vent and tail feathers and solid black beaks. They also have bare white face patches and at times bright, normally pale, silvery eyes. Furthermore, some grey parrots are partially or completely red and both sexes appear similar. However, females have a pale grey crown with dark grey edges, a grey body and scarlet tail feathers.

Many of the grey contour feathers are edged with white, giving them a smooth, lacy appearance. In fact, at a certain degree, they tend to be sexually dimorphic. One can basically differentiate the sex of these birds once the birds is nearly 18 months of age. Here, the male parrot’s tail remains solid red while a female’s tail becomes red but tipped with silver. The underparts of the male’s wings become dark while for the female’s remain light. Secondly, sex can be differentiated according to the size whereby males have a more slender and narrower head. On the other hand, the females have got longer necks with larger and rounder heads.

African Grey Parrot facts
Behavior

The African grey parrots are generally very shy and rarely allow humans to approach them easily. They are highly social and nest in large groups however each group or family occupies their own nesting tree. Like the other birds, they are also observed roosting in large noisy flocks calling loudly usually during the morning, evening and when in flight. They also choose spots high up in the trees, to sleep where they are safest from predators. These birds are also gregarious and very noisy especially at night when they gather in flocks to sleep in tall trees. Besides, these birds communicate with each other using high-pitched screams and whistles in various conditions. These include; detecting predators, food, their location, safety statues, etc.

Unlike other parrots that are often found in mixed flocks, these flocks always comprise of only African grey parrots. Furthermore, during the day, they break into smaller flocks and fly longer distances to forage.  The young birds stay with their family groups for a long period of time for several years. They socialize with others of their agemates in nursery trees, however remain in their family groups within the larger flocks. They are also cared for by older birds until they are educated enough and old enough to become independent flock members. The young need to learn a complex set of skills such as differentiating desirable food plants from toxic plants, how to recognize and avoid predators, how to defend territory, etc.

More behaviors 

In addition, the young exhibit appeasement behaviors towards older members. However, as they mature, they become more aggressive with conspecifics. Additionally, they also learn how to develop role-appropriate behaviors that include competing and defending nest sites and raising off springs. Since these parrots are partial ground feeders, there is a series of behavioral events that occur before landing and safe consumption takes place.

Groups of parrots gather at a barren tree not until it is completely filled with hundreds of birds. These birds take part in grooming, climbing, socializing and vocalizing. Eventually, they make their way down to the ground in waves with the entire group.  Once on the ground, they are extremely vigilant reacting to any movement or sound. Furthermore, studies have found that these birds have complex cognition and are considered one of the most intelligent species of birds since they can also test and form ideas about the world. 

Habitant

Habitants of African grey parrots are frequently moist lowland forests. They are commonly observed in the mangroves, wooded savannahs, forest edges, cultivated areas, gardens, etc. In addition, they make their nests in tree holes and at times choose locations abandoned by birds such as woodpeckers. Furthermore, they often visit open lands next to woodlands in order to roost in trees over water.

Reproduction

These parrots are social birds and their breeding occurs in loose colonies with each pair occupying its own tree for nesting. They also select mates carefully and have a life time monogamous bond that begins at sexual maturity, at three to five years of age. During courtship, males feed mates and both sing soft monotonous notes. At this time the females will sleep in the nest cavity while the male guards it. In captivity, males feed females after copulation events and both participate in a mating dance in which they drop their wings. Wing pumping also takes place and this gives the impression of slow motion flight and consequently, the body feathers will also be flared or displayed.

The breeding season varies by locality however appears to coincide with the dry season. These grey parrots usually breed twice a year and normally mate several times a day for several weeks before the first egg is laid. Females lay a clutch of three to five roundish eggs, each at intervals of two to five days. However, the females incubate the eggs while being fed entirely by the males. Incubation takes approximately (26-30) days with the average being 28 days. Fledgling from the nest is always at (10-12) weeks of age. After the young emerging from the nest, weaning takes another 3-4 weeks by both parents nourishing, raising and protecting their off springs until they reach independence.

Speech and vocalization

Much of the grey parrot’s appeal comes from its talking ability and is among the best talkers in the parrot family. As a matter of fact, it is able to repeat words and phrases after hearing them just once or twice. This specie basically reaches full talking ability around a year of age and most of them become capable mimics much earlier. The flocks or groups follow a daily pattern of vocalizations, normally the flock is quiet from sunset until the next dawn. During day break, the flock begins to vocalize before setting out to forage at different locations throughout the day.

There are also a variety of different types of calls and vocalizations. These include; contact calls, food begging calls, agonistic calls, alarm calls, not to mention a few. Contact calls are of particular importance because they serve to identify where other members of the flock as well as help promote flock cohesion. Additionally African grey parrots demonstrated a complex cognitive competence in understanding both the similarities and dissimilarities among different musical note frequencies.

It was also determined that an African grey parrot can isolate a sound from background noise and imitate it. It can also encode it into long term memory and monitor the output sound to match it with the internal template. In fact, one of the African grey was reported blowing off a woman’s love affair by repeatedly calling out the other man’s name in front of her husband. It did this while using the cheating wife’s voice. Surprisingly, once they learn a word or sound, it is impossible or difficult to forget or unlearn it.

Feeding

These birds are basically herbivores and frugivores which means that the vast majority of their diet consists of fruits. Their primary food sources are generally fruits, seeds and nuts. However, they are also known to eat tree bark, insects, flowers and snails. Their favorite food source in the wild is usually oil palm fruit. Besides, when searching for food, these birds fly or climb to the ground to forage for ripe fruit that has fallen from tress. The best food for an African grey parrot in captivity is a high-quality formulated pellet supplemented with fruits. These include; apples, pears, carrots, oranges, bananas, cucumbers, peas, celery, seeds, melon, etc. Additionally, they also provide fresh vegetables such as leafy greens like sprouts and healthy seeds like flaxseeds.

Where to find them in Uganda

In Uganda will find them in forests from 700-2300 meters and in cages at Uganda Wildlife Conservation Education Center.

The Black and White Colobus | Old world monkey

The Black and White Colobus | Old world monkey : also termed to as an Old World monkey is a native to central Africa. They have a scientific name known as the mantled guereza, that derives from its mantle, the long silky white fringe of hair that runs along its body. On the other hand, “Guereza” derives from the native word in Ethiopia meaning monkey. Additionally the scientific name colobus derives from a Greek word “kolobus” meaning “Mutilated” which refers to its lack of thumbs. The specie generally has a distinctive black and white coloration, with long white fur on their backs. In addition, they are unusual in a way that they possess no thumbs and only have four fingers on their hands though some individuals will have a partial thumb that is not used. 

The Black and White Colobus facts
Physical description

These are basically heavy bodied animal with a long tail. They basically possess only four fingers on each hand. In fact, the thumb is absent or represented by a small phalangeal tubercle that sometimes bears a nail. However, it is believed that the loss of the thumb may be an adaption for quick movements through and along the trees. The coloration of the fur is distinctly white and black, the face is grey, no fur, face and callosities are surrounded by white. More so, the coat is glossy black along with a U-shaped white mantle of varying length harbored on both sides. 

Reproduction

Colobus Guereza generally have a polygamous mating system. It has also been studied that there seems to be little or no reproductive seasonality in most populations of the colobus. However, they tend to have a birth peak, timed out so that weaning corresponds with the greatest seasonal abundance of solid food. There is no distinct breeding seasons however, most mating definitely occurs mainly in the rain season. The full sexual maturity of the male guereza is always at the age of 6 and in females is 4 years of age.

Besides, the female produces one young every after 20 months of her gestation period which is about 6 months before giving birth again. When giving birth, females usually tend to give birth in private, and solitude. In fact, they have been noticed helping themselves when giving birth.  Other troop members often handle very young infants and the infants are carried on the other’s abdomen where it clings to her fur. Generally, both the male and the female take part in the parenting of the child. Otherwise, females remain in their natal group meaning that mothers and daughters have life-long relationships.

Behavior

They are typically diurnal and are highly arboreal residents of deep forest. They also live in sexually mixed groups ranging from 8 to 15 individuals. The family usually consists of one fully adult male (dominant), three or four reproducing females, adolescents and infants. Furthermore, each troop has its own territory which is well defined and defended from other troops. The colobus spends much of their time sitting in the tops of trees. However, they take turns sleeping at night so that at least one individual is awake at all times to watch over for predators.

There is always no true leader of a group although strong males usually take leadership roles. Territories may overlap and marginally they are vigorously defended by males. These territories are defended by leaps and cries, hand-to-hand communication, fighting, etc. Additionally the displays of the white fringe fur flapping up and down serve as a warning to other animals. In order to have defense against their predators like eagles, the species simply attempts to avoid and hide from them. However, they also at times been seen in fights against other types of animals a practice termed to as baiting.

Life span

These colobus live up to 20 years typically in the wild and have been known to live 25-30 years in captivity. Otherwise, predators of black and white colobus are leopards, crowned hawk eagles and occasionally chimpanzees.

Communication

Five vocal sounds have been recorded such as snorts, honks, screams, purrs and roars. Additionally, in terms of vocal communication, visual signals such as facial expressions, flapping of fringe fur and body postures are used in aggressive communication between different groups. 

Feeding

Guereza are the second most folivores species among the colobus. Their diet comprises of primarily leaves with nearly of young unripe ones, mature leaves, fruits, leaf buds and blossoms. However, this distribution is highly varied seasonally and geographically thus at times mature leaves may account in the diet.  Additionally, they get water from dew and the moisture content of their diet or rainwater held in the tree trunk hollows. Nevertheless, they spend most of their days eating, relaxing almost like humans.

Habitant

Their habitat ranges from tropical forests to dry forests and scrublands. They are generally found in high density forests where they forage on leaves. While in forests, they are highly arboreal and spend most of their time in the trees. However, in less dense forests, they will travel along the ground. Besides, they spend most their time searching for food and resting. In Uganda, they can be viewed in different national parks. Some of these include; Kibale National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, Semuliki National Park, etc. They are also noted among the popular primate species sought after on wildlife safaris in Uganda.

Mabamba Swamp Exploration

Mabamba swamp Exploration : The swamp is famous for the shoebill with over 12 shoebill storks  (locally called “Boolwe”). Besides, the bird is Uganda’s most sought-after bird by Uganda birding tourists as well as nature lovers. The swamp is generally a prime wetland birding site located on the northern fringes of Lake Victoria in Uganda. It covers 2424 ha with thick marshes of papyrus, water lilies and other wetland grasses.  

As a matter of fact, the mysterious shoebill is known to occur in mainly four countries. These include; Uganda, Rwanda, South Sudan and Zambia. However, in Uganda it is best seen at Mabamba swamp. In 2006, the Ramsar Convention on the wetlands awarded this swamp the status of a wetland of international importance since it contains globally threatened species. The wetland is also a Ramsar site and Important Bird Area (IBA) which hosts over 300 bird species. The wetland also hosts huge flocks of Palearctic migrants every year from October to March.

Activities done at Mabamba Swamp
Canoeing

Basically, birding in this place is done on a canoe by riding through a maze of trails cutting through the thick marshes in such for bird species. Some of the birds include the rare shoebill, white-winged warble, blue swallow, black-headed weaver. Papyrus gonolek, swamp flycatcher, pallid harrier, pigmy goose, Carruthers cisticola, lesser jacana, grosbeak weaver. Viellot’s weaver, northern brown-throated weaver, Clarke’s weaver, palm-nut vulture. Papyrus yellow warbler, African purple swamp hen, African water rail, blue breasted bee-eater. Winding cisticola, goliath Heron, African fish eagle, long tailed cormorant, yellow billed duck, malachite kingfisher. Glossy ibis, white-winged tern, hamerkop, great cormorant, grey-headed gull. White-faced whistling-duck, knob-billed duck, little stint to mention but a few.

While here, you will meet the local fishermen and discover that there was a time when the local community used to be enemies with the birds as they competed for the same fish resource. But today, many local people have been trained as tour guides who now strive to preserve both the birds and the swamp. Otherwise, guides are now a part of the Mabamba Wetland Eco-Tourism Association.  They share their knowledge of the swamp and part of the revenue from their tours is re-invested in conservation projects which protect the Shoebill.

Fishing

The community is happy to tell you a story about how this Swamp got its name after a lungfish locally known as “Emamba” which inhabit its waters, and they form the staple of the shoebill’s diet. The swamp is rich with lungfish locally known as “emamba” which is also the favorite food for the shoebill. However, the lungfish is also one of the most sought-after fish by the local fishermen, creating competition with the shoebill. These fishermen had long held a superstition that seeing a shoebill resulted in a poor catch that day so they hunted and killed them leading to the decline in their number and almost rendered them extinct in the wetland.

Others

The site supports a lucrative fisheries activity and a source of fish for home consumption and commercial use. It provides raw materials for local crafts, building materials, water for domestic and livestock use and non-wood products. Factors needing attention are the dry season incursion into the swamp by fishermen; hunting of the sitatunga by the local people; the proliferation of the Water Hyacinth and poaching of the Shoebill. The proliferation of flower farms along the shores of Lake Victoria and the use of agrochemicals is likely to have an impact. 

Best time to visit

This place in Uganda is visited all year round but dry months are much preferred as the water levels are low. This also gives much better feeding places and the grass is short. This is in the months of June to September and December to February.

How to get there

Mabamba swamp can be accessed by water and road. From Kampala city or Entebbe town, but the easiest route is through Nakiwogo landing site in Entebbe.  You will take a motorized boat to the island led by a guide to search for the elusive shoebill. The easiest route is through Nakiwogo landing site in Entebbe where you take a motorized boat to the swamp.

Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve Uganda

Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve Uganda : is basically a predominantly grassy savanna and acacia echoing Murchison Falls National Park at the northern end of Lake Albert. It is also known as a conservation protected area in the western part of Uganda. It is generally located in Kabarole district in the Toro sub-region, on the floor of the rift valley. Here, Lake Albert, Kijura escarpment and the mighty Rwenzori mountains create backdrops. The reserve was established as a game reserve in 1926 and was also among the first protected areas to be declared.

The main reason was to protect the large numbers of Uganda kobs in the area which is within Ntoroko and Kabarole districts. South west of the Toro Semliki wildlife reserve are the 3rd highest elevated mountains in Africa. These include the Rwenzori Mountains while North to the reserve is the famous Lake Albert the furthest-north of the great rift lakes.  Additionally, stands of borassus palms, lakeshore marshland and broad river valleys filled with beautiful gallery forest all add variety.  Furthermore, the reserve is characterized by a hot climate, with the temperature halving after the sunsets, and the constant prospect of rain. 

Communities living around the reserve
Kasesenge-kyakabaseke community

It is located on the Eastern escarpment of the rift valley and the biggest number of them are the Bakiga migrants who originally came to work tea estates in the 1960s. During the good seasons, tea provided a stable income and as the prices of tea deteriorated, they resorted to crop cultivation mainly beans, maize, bananas and groundnuts.

Karugutu-kyabandara community

This community is situated in the south of the reserve about 18 kilometers from Fort portal town. Besides, it is mainly inhabited by the Bakonjo who are traditional cultivators. The crops usually grown include; soya beans, bananas, cassava, beans and rice. Afterwards, they are sold in Rwebisengo and Ntoroko markets.

Ntoroko fishing community

The community is at the south-eastern tip of Lake Albert between the estuaries of Wasa and Muzizi rivers. The area covering approximately 4 square kilometers has been excised from the reserve and gazetted as a wildlife sanctuary. As a result, this is done to provide protection of any wildlife that interface in this area. As a matter of fact, Ntoroko community depends mainly on fishing.

Rwebisengo community

This one is located on the west and northwestern edge of the reserve in the Semliki flats. It comprises of the Batuku (Batoro-Bahuma) who are predominantly pastoralists. In fact, these are believed to be descendants of the Abarusula who were the royal army of the King Kabalega of Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom.

What to do in the reserve
Birdwatching

The reserve boosts over 440 bird species and its a few spots where the extinct shoebill can be found. West of the reserve is the board Congolese rain forest that contains one of the richest, most extinct species reservoirs in the world. It is also one of the planet’s biggest covers of the un-logged forest. Some of the birds here include; red-necked falcon, black-billed barbet, great white pelican. Malachite kingfisher, Abyssinian ground-hornbill, African pygmy goose, black coucal, pennant-winged nightjar. Stunning red-throated bee-eater, piapiac, not to mention but a few. The adjacent Semuliki National Park offers a great opportunity to add several species associated with the Congolese rainforest.  However, migratory birds are present from November to April.

Guided nature walks

These are conducted near Semuliki safari lodge where you will meet an experienced guide. There after, will go through a variety of habitats ranging from savannah woodland to riverine forest. While here, you will come across baboons, waterbucks, red-tailed monkeys, black and white colobus, warthogs, elephants, Uganda kobs, etc.

Game drives

It is also a home to a number of wild animals such as elephants, leopards, waterbucks, giant forest hog, hippos, Uganda kobs, buffalos, etc. Primates here include; chimpanzees though rarely seen, baboons, vervet monkey, red-tailed monkey. Black and white colobus, dent’s mona monkey, central African red colobus, blue monkey and de Brazza’s. Animals regularly seen include; elephants, warthogs, buffalo, waterbucks, Uganda kobs, leopards, white-tailed mongoose bush babies, etc. Game drives at the reserve are carried out in the morning, afternoon and at night.

Community tours

The Karugutu Community Conservation Association (KCCA) is a community-based association whose objective is conservation education through Music Dance and Drama (MDD). This group also organizes traditional dances for the visitors. In addition, they have a shop for handcrafts at the entrance of the reserve which they sell to tourists.

Hiking to the Nyaburogo Gorge

This is an ideal walk for birders that usually starts right at the reserve headquarters. It is a 7 kilometers hike that goes through a diversity of habitats like woodland, savanna and a forest in the gorge. During the hike, you will also come across different bird species such as tropical boubal, black-headed Bushrike, arrow marked babbler, bush shrike. Also watch out for primates like black and white colobus, vervet monkey, baboons and with good luck you can also see chimpanzees.

How to get there

Toro Semliki wildlife reserve is approximately 1 hour from Fort Portal town and it’s located about 300km/180mi from Kampala. It is approximately a 6 to 8 hours’ drive and the reserve is visited throughout the year.  

Kalinzu Forest Reserve Uganda

Kalinzu Forest Reserve Uganda : is a fascinating natural forest located in the western part of Uganda in Bushenyi district. It is located around the confines of Queen Elizabeth National Park and also expands to the Maramagambo forest. In addition, it has a biodiverse ecosystem consisting of the dense vegetation of the tropic rain forest and wildlife found in here. In fact, the reserve is famously known for chimpanzee trekking and it’s the second-best spot for chimpanzee tracking after Kibale Forest National Park. Besides, nature walks through the valleys will expose your mind to a whole new world of the forest life. During the nature walks, you have views of Mountain Rwenzori, Lake George as well as the beauty of Kazinga channel. 

Apart from the chimpanzees, the forest also harbors primates like black and white colobus monkey, baboons, vervet monkey, red tailed monkey, L’Hoest monkey, etc. The forest is a home to over 380 bird species and some of these include; the black and white casqued hornbill. The great blue turaco, sunbirds, cuckoos, bee-eaters, starlings, not to mention but a few. The reserve also harbors approximately over 100 moths, over 270 butterflies, flowers of nature and a few reptiles. Its also a home to wildlife species that reside in savannah grassland like the lions, leopards, wild pigs, giant forest hogs, waterbucks, buffalos, duikers, elephants, etc. These animals visit this area because of the thick forest with a variety of fruits and food and also because it borders Queen Elizabeth National Park.  A visit to this forest takes you through its distinct trails each of which rewards you with unique experiences. They include;

The palm trail

This is a 5 kilometer’s trail which takes you approximately 2 hours depending on your hiking speed. You will pass through its woodland trees and get to see unique tree species while crossing through a comparatively flat terrain in this reserve. While here, tourists are rewarded with wonderful tree species found along the path. Some of these include; the popular and interesting one being the flame tree also known for its vast. Red tulip-like flames which are believed to increase libido in women, the Raphia palm tree commonly used to making mats, ropes, baskets, etc.

The valley trail

This trail takes about 4 hours and offers spectacular views of the magnificent steep slopes of the right valley. You can as well encounter various wildlife on the way.

The waterfall trail

It is 11 kilometers and takes approximately 5 hours and while here, you will have magical views over stunning Kilyantama waterfall. The trail involves tourists transversing through some hilly areas and wet terrains. It also allows tourists to see the breathtaking Kilyantama waterfall that will welcome you with its roaring sounds and serene environment.

The river trail

The river trail covers approximately 3 kilometers and takes about 1 hour depending on your hiking speed. Chimpanzees and other primates are mostly seen in this trail and tourists will also come across River Kajojo also known as “Elephant River” because elephants were known to bath from here.

What to do at Kalinzu forest reserve
Chimpanzee trekking

This is generally the main activity done in the reserve led by the guide to different trails. Chimpanzee trekking takes approximately 4 hours however, you can also come across other primates. Some of these include; the black and white colobus, baboons, vervet monkey, red tailed monkey and many more.

Chimpanzee habituation

After your breakfast, have your packet lunch which you will enjoy since this activity takes the whole day. The ranger will first brief you and afterwards lead you into the forest in search for the chimpanzees. While here, you will have a rewarding view of their lifestyles as well as enjoy their daily activities. Therefore, book with us for your permits in advance to avoid inconveniences.

Bird watching

Kalinzu forest is home to over 378 bird species and its one of the best birding destinations in Uganda to all bird lovers. While doing the activity, you will have an insight to experience the different calling of different bird species. Some of the birds here include; the great blue turaco, sunbirds, black and white casqued hornbills, cuckoo, eagles, camaroptera, etc. 

Wildlife viewing

Since the forest reserve is close to Queen Elizabeth National Park and the great Maramagambo forest, expect to spot some animals. Some of these include; leopards, elephants, warthogs, wild pigs giant forest hogs, waterbucks, buffalos, duikers, etc. 

Camping

The forest also offers the perfect site for camping activities; in the middle of the forest, a camping site has been set up for tourists to sleep next to nature. While here, enjoy the beautiful African night while listening to amazing night animal sounds.

Guided nature walks

The guided nature walk in Kalinzu forest is an interesting activity that will offer a tourist an opportunity to explore the forest. Here, expect to see a number of different plant species since the forest is home to over 414 plant species. Also expect to spot different primates, bird species, the amazing waterfall, vegetation and plantations as well as the wildlife that come from Queen Elizabeth National Park..

Best time to visit the forest

The best time to visit this forest is in the dry season from July to August and December to February when the forest trails are not slippery however, the forest can be visited all year round.

How to get there

Kalinzu Forest Reserve is located in the western Uganda approximately 375 kilometers which is about 6 hours’ drive from Kampala. You will drive through Masaka-Mbarara-Bushenyi. Visitors can also board a bus to Butare and get a special hire to the forest.

Budongo Forest Reserve in Uganda

Budongo Forest Reserve in Uganda : the largest survival natural forest in Uganda, with a total surface of approximately 825 square kilometers, of which 430 square kilometers is a continuous forest. The name Budongo derives from the local Bunyoro word “fertile soil”. According to the history, the forest was protected by the King of Bunyoro and only with his permission local chiefs were allowed to hunt inside it. This forest is also known for its former abundance of East African mahogany trees as well as being home to a population of chimpanzees. The forest is located within the boundaries of Murchison Falls National Park and also on the escarpment northeast of Lake Albert. The major tourist sites within this forest include; the Kaniyo Pabidi Ecotourism site and Busingiro Ecotourism site.   

This pristine forest reserve has an amazing number of plant species whereby over 465 plant species have been recorded. Apart from the giant mahogany trees, other  trees  include; the spiky fagara trees, parasitic strangler figs and iron wood trees. The forest offers an extremely rich biodiversity including over 24 mammals, over 9 primates, over 280 butterfly species and birds species. It is also a natural habitat of more than 600 chimpanzees, of which a small community has been habituated for eco-tourism purposes.  Other primates that can be observed include; Black and white colobus, olive baboons, red-tailed monkey, blue monkeys and grey-checked mangabeys.

What to do in Budongo forest reserve
Chimpanzee tracking

This activity is generally the number one priority in the reserve and led by an experienced ranger. The time when the fruits are shorter in supply, the chimps move a lot covering a wider area. Therefore, the success of seeing them drops to about 50% rate. This activity basically grants you chances of enjoying these apes as they do their daily activities in the forest. While here, you are also free to take photos as well as videography to take back home for remembrance.

Bird watching

The forest is also a home to some of the rarest birds in East Africa. Its a habitat to over 360 bird species both migratory and residential. Some of the birds here include; forest robin, African emerald cuckoo, yellow and grey long bill. Yellow browed camaroptera, black headed flycatcher, chocolate backed kingfisher, white spotted flufftail, lemon bellied crombec, etc.

Climate

Throughout the year, maximum daytime temperatures in the forest hover around 31°C/88°F. In the wet season (March to October), the rain eases off a bit during June and July. The precipitation practically disappears in the dry season (November to February), providing a welcome break from the tropical humidity.

Best time to visit

Budongo forest reserve is visited all year around, however, it is at its best in the dry season (November to February). The drier tracks at these times make chimpanzee trekking and birding that much easier.

The Dominant Silverback | Gorillas

 The Dominant Silverback | Gorillas : are dominant male primates native to Africa and live high in the forested mountains. They are basically the largest and strongest among all primates and share a lot in common with the human including the 98% DNA. Adult male mountain gorillas are called silverbacks because of the silver saddle of hair on their backs that indicate maturity. In fact, only the male gorillas are the ones able to become silverbacks at the age of eight years. However, at the age of 13 years, male mountain gorillas become silverbacks and only the silverback can lead a troop.

Description 

Besides, gorillas have a stocky body comprising of a broad chest, long and muscular arms plus wide feet and hands. Their arms are generally longer than their legs and live in groups called families or troops. In addition, each troop is typically composed of 2 to 30 members, 1 to 4 are male adults, and the rest are black backs. As a matter of fact, each gorilla family has a silverback as the leader who fights and defends the family.

Strength may be determined in various ways including engaging in fights with other silverbacks to prove that they rule or lead a group in the forest. Interestingly, silverbacks weigh approximately 350 pounds nearly twice the weight of a normal adult man. Their hands are longer than the legs and these hands give a lot of support to the rest of the body weight. 

Feeding and behavior 

Being the leader and the biggest in the group, the silverback eats twice as much as an adult female since it performs more tasks in the group. They are mainly herbivores, eat only plants and they spend most of their time foraging for food. In addition since they move place to place in search for food, they cannot control one area.

Gorillas basically build new nests each day at dusk, constructing them with various materials. These range from bent tree branches to grasses on the ground since they are nomadic species. They are very shy and gentle animals however, they can become very aggressive and violent when threatened or disturbed. Their charging usually involves beating their chests, making loud grunts and hoots as a way of protecting the family. Other charging displays include; standing erect on his hind legs, tearing up, throwing plants. Drumming the chest with his hands or fists, stamping his feet, striking the ground with his palms, etc.  

Communication

Silverbacks are widely known for their integrity due to their means of communication such as vocalizations, facial expressions, body language, etc. They also display many human-like behaviors and emotions such as sadness and laughter. This makes them our closest cousins after the chimpanzees and bonobos. Fights amongst them are normally thunderous and cause a lot of injuries and at times resulting to deaths.  Regardless the heavy weights of the silverbacks, they are flexible and capable of climbing and swinging on trees in the forest.

Where to see gorillas/silver backs in Uganda

On your trip to Uganda you can spot and trek this marvelous largest primate only in Bwindi and Mgahinga forest National Park.

Mountain gorilla reproduction & mating habits

Mountain gorilla reproduction & mating habits : Female mountain gorillas generally reach sexual maturity before male gorillas. In fact, they mature between the ages of 10 to 12 years old whilst males reach sexual maturity from 11 to 13 years of age. Though females mature earlier, they can have their first ovulation circle at 8 years and they do not breed until they are 10 years. In addition, gorillas produce one offspring per delivery however, they sometimes produce twins. The recurring productive cycle is 28-33 days and after the first ovulation circle, they have to wait for a two years period to breed an infant.

Gorillas are polygamous animals whereby all dominating silverbacks can access all the females in the group. When the females are on heat they follow up the male gorilla although there is always no physical evidence showing that they are on heat. Female mountain gorillas go on heat only for 1-2 days in a month and here they attract the males through different ways. Some of them include; body movements, approaching the silverback with uninterrupted eye contacts and puckering lips. If the male is not reacting, they reach an extent of even touching him or even hit the ground in order to seek for attention.  

On the other hand, gorillas can mate anytime of the year and the gestation period is 8.5 months. Just like humans, and they mostly produce during night time. After delivery, a gorilla will take 4 years or more to conceive again hence they have low birth rates. Infant gorillas are born weighing 2-3 kilograms and vulnerable just like the human babies. The mother caries and has to take good care of them until 3 months when they can sit upright and can walk on their own. 

Where to go for gorilla trekking

Mountain gorillas are greatly endangered species of primates spread across four national parks in Africa that is Virunga national park, Volcanoes national park, Mgahinga national park and Bwindi impenetrable forest national park. These parks straddle within Uganda, Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo. All the above mentioned national parks offer visitors a unique wilderness experience with the great apes, gorilla trekking is the most expensive tourist activity in Africa yet the most fascinating and thrilling experience worth a life time.  will have an hour of observation immediately after finding gorillas during the trek. The cost of gorilla trekking defers from each country, Uganda charges $800, and Congo charges $400 per person and Rwanda offering the most expensive at $1500 per person.